Notes:
global recognition 世界的認知度;
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There are several well-known university ranking systems that help compare universities worldwide. These include the QS World University Rankings, which look at factors like academic reputation and international diversity. The Times Higher Education (THE) rankings focus on teaching, research, and international outlook. The Shanghai Ranking, or ARWU, mainly considers research performance, especially publications and awards. Lastly, the U.S. News & World Report emphasizes research reputation and performance.

In Japan, universities such as the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University often rank highly in these systems due to their strong research activities and global recognition. These rankings are useful for students and researchers to understand the global standing of universities, although they should also consider other factors when evaluating these institutions. Japanese universities are well-regarded especially in scientific fields and contribute significantly to global research.
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Notes
Luxembourg ルクセンブルク;
the United Arab Emirates アラブ首長国連邦;
forefront 最前部、真っ先;
San Marino サンマリノ 《イタリア東部の世界最小の共和国;
Macao マカオ（葡: Macau）あるいは澳門、中華人民共和国の特別行政区の一つ;
gauge 測定する;

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According to Global Finance, the top five richest countries are Ireland, Luxembourg, Singapore, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates, with Ireland at the forefront. In contrast, Japan ranks 38th, the United States 9th, and China 77th. Notably, the world’s wealthiest nations are often among the smallest. Despite facing economic challenges such as the pandemic, they have managed to maintain their wealth. This group includes countries like San Marino, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Singapore, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates, deriving their wealth from finance, taxation, and natural resources. Macao, for instance, owes its riches to its thriving casino industry. Wealth in these countries/rigions is more accurately gauged by purchasing power parity, which takes into account the cost of living locally. Consequently, the richest countries boast significantly higher purchasing power than the poorest. Nevertheless, this wealth is not evenly distributed within these nations. It’s important to note that some of these countries are known as tax havens, which may distort the true picture of their economic status.
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